肆、國際間因應網路科技所進行權利調整之立法例

一、WIPO著作權條約

WIPO著作權條約第8條規定：「於不損害伯恩公約第11條第1項第2款、第11條之2第1項第1款及第2款、第11條之3第1項第2款、第14條第1項第2款及第14條之2第1項規定之情形下，文學及藝術著作之著作人專有授權將其著作以有線或無線之方式對公眾傳播之權利，包括使公眾得於其各自選定之地點及時間接近之方式，對公眾提供其著作。」

限於篇幅暫不就伯恩公約相關規定加以說明[1]，WIPO著作權條約前開規定，就「文學及藝術著作」之用語，與我國語文著作、美術著作不同，包括所有符合著作保護要件應受保護之著作（不包括錄音、表演、廣播等著作鄰接權的部分），而就有關公開傳輸權的範圍，根據WCT草案之說明，可知WCT是因為原先伯恩公約中，對於公開傳播權之規定相當零散，且各種著作所享有之公開傳播權範圍並不一致，許多著作類型並無法享有完整之公開傳播權，同時考慮到科技發展，受保護之著作可以被以非傳統之方法取得，因此透過此一規範，來加強對著作之保護。該規定在作法上分為兩部分，一是擴充原來伯恩公約上公開傳播權之觀念範圍，使其不僅及於所有類別之著作，而且及於各種傳播方式，包含無線、有線，二是將公開傳播之觀念擴張及於making available to the public[2]。故可謂賦予著作人就其著作完整之對公眾以各種有線、無線科技傳播的權利，包括廣播、衛星、有線電纜、網路、行動通訊網路等等。

二、WIPO表演暨錄音物條約

WIPO表演暨錄音物條約有關公開傳播權規範，對於表演人之保護，分為未固著與已固著而有不同的權利。第6條為表演人對於其未固著表演之財產(economic)權，「表演人關於其表演，應享有下列專有權利：(i)授權廣播及向公眾傳播其尚未固著之表演，但該表演業經廣播者不在此限；及(ii)授權固著其尚未固著之表演。」[3]；第10條為提供固著表演之權利之規定，「表演人應享有授權以有線或無線方式，使公眾得於其各自選定之地點及時間接近之方式，對公眾提供其固著於錄音物之表演之權利。」[4]；第14條為錄音物提供權利之規定：「錄音物製作人應享有授權以有線或無線方式，使公眾得於其各自選定之地點及時間接近之方式，對公眾提供其錄音物之權利。」[5]

WPPT有關公開傳播(communication to the public)依據第2條(g)款定義，指除廣播以外，以任何媒介傳達表演之聲音，或是傳達固著於錄音物之聲音[6]，對照前述公開傳播乃是整合各種有線、無線方式之傳播科技之利用型態，包含對公眾提供；而WPPT對於公開傳播之概念，除有關於第15條有關表演人與錄音物製作人之報酬請求權之規定外，公開傳播與對公眾提供則為二個不同權利，但可包括透過網路同步傳送表演之情形。就我國著作權法有關表演保護之規定，若透過網路同步傳送表演無法納入公開播送之定義，則第26條之1有關表演人公開傳輸權之保護，顯然未將未固著之表演納入，即涉有違反WPPT之規定。

三、與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定

    與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定(TRIPs)第14條有關表演人、錄音物製作人及廣播組織之保護[7]，「1.關於附著於錄音物上之表演，表演人應可防止下列未經授權之行為：將其未附著於媒介物之表演予以附著及重製此一附著物。表演人亦應可防止下列未經其授權之行為：以無線電方式播送其現場表演及向公眾傳達該表演。2.錄音物製作人享有授權或禁止將其錄音物直接或間接重製之權利。3.廣播組織應有權利禁止下列未經其授權之行為：將廣播加以附著、將廣播附著物加以重製，將廣播以無線電再公開播送，及將播出之電視節目再向公眾傳達。會員國未賦予廣播組織前揭權利者，應依(1971年)伯恩公約之規定，賦予所廣播之著作之著作權人得防止上述行為之可能性。」

    由前揭TRIPs之規定可以觀察，就表演人保護之部分，僅要求會員國賦予表演人就未經固著的表演享有無線廣播及向公眾傳播的權利，已固著之表演，則並未如WPPT賦予對公眾提供的權利。

四、歐盟著作權指令

歐洲議會及執委會關於資訊社會中著作權及著作鄰接權調和指令(DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society)[8]（以下簡稱「歐盟著作權指令」）第3條有關著作之對公眾傳播權及對公眾提供著作或其他客體之權利[9]規定：「1.會員國應提供作者得授權或禁止任何對於其著作以有線或無線之方式對公眾傳播之排他權，包括使公眾得於其各自選定之地點及時間接近之方式，對公眾提供其著作。

2.會員國應提供下列得授權或禁止使公眾得於其各自選定之地點及時間接近之方式，對公眾以有線或無線之方式提供其著作之權利：

(a)表演人就其已固著之表演；

(b)錄音物製作人就其錄音物；

(c)首次固著電影之製作人就其原本或電影重製物；

(d)廣播組織就其已固著之廣播，無論其廣播是以有線或透過空中傳輸，包括以有線電纜或衛星。

3.本條第1項及第2項所提及之權利，不因以任何對公眾傳播或對公眾提供之行為而耗盡。」

    由前述條文規定可以觀察到歐盟著作權指令賦予著作人（不包括著作鄰接權人）廣泛地公開傳播權，包括對公眾提供的權利，至於著作鄰接權人則僅就已固著之表演、電影、廣播賦予以有線或無線方式對公眾提供之權利。

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[1]      有關伯恩公約相關規定之介紹，請參見，謝銘洋、張懿云，著作權法公開傳播權之研究，經濟部智慧財產局92年度研究計畫，期末報告頁5-14，報告全文可於下述網址取得：http://www.tipo.gov.tw/ch/Download_DownloadPage.aspx?Path=2416&UID=9&ClsID=46&ClsTwoID=106&ClsThreeID=0&KeyWord=, 2009/3/4 visited.

[2]      請參見，謝銘洋、張懿云，前揭註16期末報告，頁22。

[3]      Performers shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing, as regards their performances:

        (i) the broadcasting and communication to the public of their unfixed performances except where the performance is already a broadcast performance; and

        (ii) the fixation of their unfixed performances.

[4]      Performers shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing the making available to the public of their performances fixed in phonograms, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

[5]      Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing the making available to the public of their phonograms, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

[6]      (g) "communication to the public" of a performance or a phonogram means the transmission to the public by any medium, otherwise than by broadcasting, of sounds of a performance or the sounds or the representations of sounds fixed in a phonogram. For the purposes of Article 15, "communication to the public" includes making the sounds or representations of sounds fixed in a phonogram audible to the public.

[7]      1.In respect of a fixation of their performance on a phonogram, performers shall have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization:  the fixation of their unfixed performance and the reproduction of such fixation.  Performers shall also have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization:  the broadcasting by wireless means and the communication to the public of their live performance.

        2.Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms.

        3.Broadcasting organizations shall have the right to prohibit the following acts when undertaken without their authorization:  the fixation, the reproduction of fixations, and the rebroadcasting by wireless means of broadcasts, as well as the communication to the public of television broadcasts of the same.  Where Members do not grant such rights to broadcasting organizations, they shall provide owners of copyright in the subject matter of broadcasts with the possibility of preventing the above acts, subject to the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971).

[8]      歐盟著作權指令全文可於下述網址取得：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTML, 2009/2/3 visited.

[9]      Article 3 Right of communication to the public of works and right of making available to the public other subject-matter

        1. Member States shall provide authors with the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit any communication to the public of their works, by wire or wireless means, including the making available to the public of their works in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

        2. Member States shall provide for the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit the making available to the public, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them:

(a) for performers, of fixations of their performances;

        (b) for phonogram producers, of their phonograms;

        (c) for the producers of the first fixations of films, of the original and copies of their films;

        (d) for broadcasting organisations, of fixations of their broadcasts, whether these broadcasts are transmitted by wire or over the air, including by cable or satellite.

        3. The rights referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not be exhausted by any act of communication to the public or making available to the public as set out in this Article.

 

數位匯流環境中公開播送及公開傳輸之整合(1)  (2)  (3)  (4)  (5)  (6)

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